❤️ Ornithocheiridae 😊

"Ornithocheiridae (or ornithocheirids, meaning "bird hands") is a group of pterosaurs within the suborder Pterodactyloidea. These pterosaurs were among the last to possess teeth. Members that belong to this group lived from the Early to Late Cretaceous periods (Valanginian to Cenomanian stages), around 140 to 96 million years ago. Ornithocheirids are generally infamous for having an enormously controversial and very confusing taxonomy. Although agreements that these animals were related, and therefore similar to istiodactylids and pteranodontians, there is still no virtual consensus over the exact content and interrelationships of this group. Ornithocheirids were the most successful pterosaurs during their reign, they were also the largest pterosaurs before the appearance of the azhdarchids such as Quetzalcoatlus. Ornithocheirids were excellent fish hunters, they used various flight techniques to catch their prey, and they are also capable of flying great distances without flapping constantly. The later existence of the crested pteranodontids made paleontologists think that ornithocheirids were their potential ancestors. This is due to their very similar aspects such as the different flying techniques, the long distance flights, and most of all their diet, which consists mainly on fish. History Naming Holotype specimens of Ornithocheirus simus (A to D) and junior synonym O. platyrhinus (E to H) The family Ornithocheiridae is without a doubt, one of the most well-known pterosaur groups, this is mostly due to their very controversial and convoluted taxonomic history. Most of the ornithocheirid fossil record consists of isolated teeth, as well as fragmentary bones, reaching hundreds or even thousands of remains in some localities. The first uncovered ornithocheirid remains were described in 1861 by British paleontologist Sir Richard Owen; he assigned the fossil remains to a new species of Pterodactylus: P. simus. In 1869, British paleontologist Harry Govier Seeley erected the new generic name Ornithocheirus (from Ancient Greek meaning "bird hand"), and assigned P. simus as its type species, therefore creating Ornithocheirus simus. Later, in 1870, Seeley created the name Ornithocheirae to only contain Ornithocheirus. However, in the same year, this was emended to Ornithocheiridae by Seeley himself following the article 11.7.1.3 of the ICZN. In 1874, Owen had proposed two new genera for the Cretaceous British pterosaurs: Coloborhynchus (meaning "maimed beak") and Criorhynchus (meaning "ram beak") based on highly distinctive jaw fragments. Owen reassigned P. simus as the type species of Criorhynchus, creating Criorhynchus simus. He referred three species to Coloborhynchus, including the addition of a new species called C. clavirostris; no type species was designated however. In 1876 however, Seeley pointed out that Criorhynchus was a junior synonym of Ornithocheirus, a concept that was followed by paleontologist Richard Lydekker in 1888. In the latter year, Lydekker acknowlegded that Ornithocheirus simus was the type species of Ornithocheirus, he also distiguished O. simus by its tall rostrum, while other species referred to Ornithocheirus had lanceolate jaw tips. Therefore, to avoid confusion, Lydekker preferred to use the name Criorhynchus for O. simus, and Ornithocheirus for the species with lanceolate jaw tips, this concept was later favored by paleontologist Reginald Walter Hooley in 1914. In his review of Ornithocheirus, he divided the family Ornithocheiridae into two subfamilies: Ornithocheirinae and Criorhynchinae; the former consisted of Ornithocheirus and Lonchodectes, while the latter consisted of Amblydectes and Criorhynchus.Kellner AWA, Tomida Y (2000) Description of a new species of Anhangueridae (Pterodactyloidea) with comments on the pterosaur fauna from the Santana Formation (Aptian-Albian), northeastern Brazil. National Science Museum Monographs 17: 1-135. In his review, Hooley also considered the species Coloborhynchus clavirostris as a synonym of Criorhynchus simus. In 1967, paleontologist Oskar Kuhn placed Criorhynchus within the family Criorhynchidae (which is a term now considered synonymous to Ornithocheiridae), and also recognized Ornithocheirus within the family Ornithocheiridae and subfamily Ornithocheirinae. He also designated the species Coloborhynchus clavirostris as the type species of Coloborhynchus, but agreed with Hooley that it was synonymous with Criorhynchus simus. In 1994 however, Yuong-Nam Lee revalidated the genus Coloborhynchus (with C. clavirostris as its type species), and regarded it as distinct from Criorhynchus simus. Later, in 2001, paleontologist David Unwin revised the taxonomic history of the Cambridge Greensand pterosaurs, and divided Ornithocheiridae into three genera: Ornithocheirus, Coloborhynchus and Anhanguera. Unwin also designated Pterodactylus simus as the type and only species of Ornithocheirus. In 2003, Unwin defined the family Ornithocheiridae as Haopterus gracilis, Ornithocheirus simus, their most recent common ancestor, and all its descendants. He included the genera Anhanguera, Brasileodactylus, Coloborhynchus, Haopterus, Ludodactylus and Ornithocheirus within the family, and also concluded that Araripesaurus, Arthurdactylus and Santanadactylus may belong to this family as well. However, their taxonomic status and precise relationships with other ornithocheirids are uncertain. In 2019, upon the description of the pterosaur Mimodactylus, Haopterus, which was assigned to this family by Unwin, and recovered as a basal eupterodactyloid by Brian Andres and colleagues, was reassigned by Alexander Kellner and colleagues as the sister taxon of the former. In 2014, Andres and colleagues defined the Ornithocheiridae with a different definition: the most inclusive clade containing Ornithocheirus simus but not Anhanguera blittersdorffi. They placed the genera Coloborhynchus, Ornithocheirus and Tropeognathus within the Ornithocheiridae, while placing Anhanguera within the separate family Anhangueridae. However, back in 2001, Unwin considered the name Anhangueridae a junior synonym of Ornithocheiridae, a concept that was later followed by several paleontologists such as Mark Witton in 2013. Later phylogenetic analyses however, contradict this name synonymy, with Ornithocheiridae and Anhangueridae classified as different families, therefore following the 2014 analysis by Andres and colleagues instead.Longrich, N.R., Martill, D.M., and Andres, B. (2018). "Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary." PLoS Biology, 16(3): e2001663. Description Comparison between the holotypes of Ornithocheirus (A and C) and Tropeognathus (B and D) Among toothed pterodactyloids, ornithocheirids were the largest; they were also among the most successful and widely distributed pterosaurs. Ornithocheirids were characterized by long jaws that had spike-like teeth. Ornithocheirid wingspans varied in size, with smaller species having wigspans of approximately , while giant morphs reached wingspans of up to or more. Specimen NHMUK R481, a specimen that belongs to the species Coloborhynchus capito, the largest toothed pterosaur, had wingspan that may have reached .Martill, D.M. and Unwin, D.M. (2011). "The world's largest toothed pterosaur, NHMUK R481, an incomplete rostrum of Coloborhynchus capito (Seeley 1870) from the Cambridge Greensand of England." Cretaceous Research, (advance online publication). However, in 2013, a specimen referred to the genus Tropeognathus (MN 6594-V) was calculated to have had a normal wingspan of , while a calculated maximum winspan reached , meaning that this specimen clearly shows that wingspans of toothed pterosaurs could exceed . Skull Skull comparisons between different anhanguerians, notice the ornithocheirids Caulkicephalus (D), Tropeognathus (E and F) and Uktenadactylus (I and J) Ornithocheirids had elongated jaws with rounded sagittal crests on both tips, as well as robust fang-like teeth. The sagittal crest of the species Ornithocheirus simus and Tropeognathus mesembrinus extended to the anterior end of the rostrum, a feature that is also seen in Siroccopteryx moroccensis; further synapomorphies between these three species were also found, including the premaxilla having a tall and narrow shape in anterior aspect, the anterolateral margins of the premaxilla being convex in both anterior and lateral view, a feature that resulted in a bluntly rounded outline of the tip of the rostrum. The rostrum in S. moroccensis lacks a constriction that is posterior to the anterior rosette, a feature also shared by O. simus and T. mesembrinus, therefore another synapomorphy supported by these three species. Yet another feature shared by these three species is that the teeth are short, straight, and relatively uniform in size, something that is not present in other ornithocheirans such as Coloborhynchus and Anhanguera. In Coloborhynchus, the teeth were found to have been heterodont, elongated, recurved and caniniform, which is similar to those seen in another ornithocheirid called Caulkicephalus. The genus Caulkicephalus, though having similarities with other ornithocheirids, including the anterior end of the rostrum being transversely expanded, or having a low, bony sagittal crest that includes a smooth dorsal margin on the rostrum, still possesses some unique features. The most distinct characteristic of Caulkicephalus is that it bores a frontoparietal crest, a feature that is only seen in pteranodontians such as Pteranodon, and in Ludodactylus, a pterosaur once assigned to the Ornithocheiridae, but many recent analysis however, have placed it within the more inclusive group Anhangueria, outside the Ornithocheiridae. Postcranial skeleton Restoration of three Tropeognathus in flight, notice their high aspect ratio The forelimbs of ornithocheirids were proportionally enormous, around five times longer than their legs. Substantial anchorage on the body is required given the mighty arms, and accordingly, ornithocheirids have robust scapulocoracoids, and stout, deeply keeled sterna, which served the purpose of housing their substantial forelimb muscles. The shoulder or pectoral girdle in ornithocheirids is set at a perpendicular angle to the spine, with the coracoids being much longer than the scapulae. The shoulder girdle is also of typical construction for ornithocheiroids. Over 60 percent of the wing length is occupied by the wing fingers, making them among the longest possessed by any pterodactyloids. In adult ornithocheirids, the sacrum develops a supraneural plate above its neural spines. The tails of ornithocheirids are poorly known, though they appear to be composed of at least eleven short vertebrae, and become relatively circular in cross section toward the end of the series. Like the related istiodactylids, the slender femora of ornithocheirids have femoral heads that project almost in line with the femoral shaft, but seem to lack prominent processes that anchor their hindlimb muscles. Ornithocheirid shinbones (or tibiae) are similarly developed and of equal length to the femora. Although the feet in ornithocheirids are poorly known, they seem to be relatively small and gracile, with undeveloped claws and a hooklike fifth metatarsal. Classification Holotype skull and mandible of the ornithocheirids Ferrodraco (A) and Mythunga (B), and holotype mandible of Aussiedraco (C) The family Ornithocheiridae has had a controversial and very confusing taxonomic history; paleontologists who have studied this group seem to have had a different opinion on the composition of ornithocheirid taxonomy. A term called Anhangueridae was coined by Diogenes de Almeida Campos and Kellner in 1985 to refer to pterosaurs that belong in this family. In 2001 however, Unwin argued that the name Ornithocheiridae refers to an identical group, and should have nomenclatural priority. He therefore considered Anhangueridae a junior synonym of Ornithocheiridae in his study of pterosaur phylogeny in 2003. However, in many recent studies, Anhangueridae is recovered as a separate and distinct family from Ornithocheiridae, each containing different genera. The original term Ornithocheirae by Seeley had been redefined as the least inclusive clade containing Anhanguera blittersdorffi and Ornithocheirus simus, therefore it is recovered as a larger group comprising the families Anhangueridae and Ornithocheiridae in recent analysis. Formerly assigned genera In the past, many pterosaur genera were assigned to the Ornithocheiridae, however, following recent studies, these supposed ornithocheirids had been reclassified to other groups or families. The pterosaur Boreopterus for example, was initially classified within the Ornithocheiridae, however, later analysis had found it in a different family called Boreopteridae, with Boreopterus being the sister taxon of Zhenyuanopterus; both pterosaurs were recovered as basal members of the Lanceodontia in several recent studies such as the ones by Rodrigo Pêgas and colleagues,Rodrigo V. Pêgas, Borja Holgado & Maria Eduarda C. Leal (2019) On Targaryendraco wiedenrothi gen. nov. (Pterodactyloidea, Pteranodontoidea, Lanceodontia) and recognition of a new cosmopolitan lineage of Cretaceous toothed pterodactyloids, Historical Biology, and Adele Pentland and colleagues, both studies of which are from 2019. Aetodactylus is another pterosaur that was initially classified within the Ornithocheiridae; later analysis have found it outside the Ornithocheiridae: Timothy Myers in 2015 and Nicholas Longrich and colleagues in 2018 for example, are two studies that found Aetodactylus as sister taxon to the two species of Cimoliopterus (C. cuvieri and C. dunni). In 2019, Pêgas and colleagues have found Aetodactylus, along with two other pterosaurs (Camposipterus and Cimoliopterus), within the clade Targaryendraconia, more specifically placed within the family Cimoliopteridae in a polytomy. The genus Haopterus was used to define the Ornithocheiridae in Unwin's 2003 study, however, Andres and Myers in 2013 argued that Haopterus had not been previously referred to the Ornithocheiridae besides a note added in proof to Unwin in 2001 that stated that Haopterus appeared to be a small ornithocheirid. Phylogenetic analyses since then have found Haopterus as a rogue taxon either within the Pterodactyloidea, the Ornithocheiroidea, the Pteranodontoidea, or the Istiodactylidae. In the phylogenetic analysis by Andres and Myers, Haopterus was recovered as a stable sister taxon to the group Ornithocheiroidea. Later analysis have also recovered this concept, with both Haopterus and the Ornithocheiroidea placed within the larger group Eupterodactyloidea. Phylogeny Different phylogenetic analysis have found Ornithocheiridae to comprise different genera, the most typical ones being Tropeognathus, Coloborhynchus and Ornithocheirus. In 2014, Andres and colleagues created the subfamily Ornithocheirinae to contain Coloborhynchus and Ornithocheirus, this subfamily was sister taxon to Tropeognathus, and altogether formed the family Ornithocheiridae. In 2018, Longrich and colleagues had included the genus Siroccopteryx in their phylogenetic analysis, specifically as a member of the ornithocheirine subfamily, sister taxon to Coloborhynchus. In 2019, a study performed by Adele Pentland and colleagues had found the Ornithocheiridae to comprise more genera; while the typical Tropeognathus, Coloborhynchus and Ornithocheirus clade was included in their analysis, Pentland and colleagues have found the genera Ferrodraco and Mythunga to belong the Ornithocheiridae as well, specifically sister taxa within the Ornithocheirinae, closely related to Ornithocheirus. In the same year, Megan Jacobs and colleagues have recovered a significantly different set of relationships for ornithocheirids in their analysis. Within the family, three clades emerge: the first one consists of Ornithocheirus, Tropeognathus and Siroccopteryx, the second one comprises Uktenadactylus with several Coloborhynchus species, and the third one comprises Cimoliopterus and Camposipterus. The close relationship between Siroccopteryx, Ornithocheirus and Tropeognathus is supported by several synapomorphies, such the teeth being short, straight, and relatively uniform in size. Cimoliopterus has generally been recovered outside the Ornithocheiridae; subsequent analyses have found it as sister taxon to Aetodactylus, as mentioned earlier. Another possible position for Cimoliopterus is within the clade Targaryendraconia, again, closely related to Aetodactylus, and together with Camposipterus, the three formed the family Cimoliopteridae. In the analysis by Jacobs and colleagues, the two Cimoliopterus species had been found as sister taxa to the three Camposipterus species (C. nasutus, C. colorhinus and C. segwickii), altogether formed an unnamed clade within the Ornithocheiridae. However, as noted by Jacobs and colleagues, support for some of these arrangements is relatively weak due to the limited number of characters that can be scored, and the levels of homoplasy are very high. Below are two cladograms showing the possible genera that are included within the ornithocheirid family. The cladogram to the left is a topology recovered by Jacobs and colleagues, and the one to the right is a topology recovered by Pentland and colleagues. Topology 1: Jacobs et al. (2019). Topology 2: Pentland et al. (2019). Paleobiology Diet and feeding Restoration of Cimoliopterus stealing prey from a Lonchodectes Ornithocheirids are generally considered piscivorous animals, this is mainly because they seem to have been suited for flight over marine settings, in fact, most ornithocheirids are known from lagoonal, coastal and marine deposits. Although the manner in which ornithocheirids gathered their food has not been researched in detail, it is generally thought that members of this family either fed like modern-day skimmers, pushing their lower jaw through the water to snap up food upon impact, or fed by gleaning food from the water surface like some modern-day terns and frigatebirds. The skim-feeding hypothesis on ornithocheirids has been discounted in recent assessments of pterosaur skim-feeding, while dip-feeding is supported by a number of anatomical features. Elongated ornithocheirid rostra are ideal for reaching into the water to grab swimming creatures. The rostral crests of ornithocheirids would have worked well as stabilizers for the jaws tips while being plunged into the water. Large, forward-facing eyes and well-developed flocculi are ideal for dip-feeding as well, which permits effective spotting of prey as well as judgement of distances when striking at them, as such, it seems likely that at least several ornithocheirids were efficient dip feeders. Sedate foraging methods might have also been used when hunting, example of these methods are: reaching food while being alighted on the water surface, and shallow surface dives. Some discoveries however, found that at least some ornithocheirids weren't completely fish hunters or aquatic consumers. This is confirmed with a 2017 analysis of carbon isotopes found on teeth enamels of toothed ornithocheiroids. In the analysis, they compared the enamel values of toothed ornithocheiroids with the aquatic and terrestrial consumers near the fossil site. The ornithocheirid enamels found in the Twin Mountains Formation were shown with lower enamel values compared to the aquatic consumers that lived nearby, suggesting a more terrestrial diet, similar to the carnivorous theropods found in the site. Enamels found in the Paw Paw Formation however, were described with higher values in comparison to the nearby terrestrial consumers. These enamel remains were analyzed, and paleontologists then found out that the values seen were more similar to aquatic consumer enamels rather the terrestrial ones. The ones found in the Twin Mountains Formation dated back to the earlier Aptian stage, while the remains found in the Paw Paw Formation dated back to the later Albian stage, meaning that terrestrial consuming toothed ornithocheiroids were more primitive creatures, while the aquatic consuming ones had a younger age. Locomotion and flight Restoration of the species Coloborhynchus fluviferox Similar to modern-day albatrosses, most ornithocheirids used a flight technique called "dynamic soaring", which consists of travelling long distances without flapping using the vertical gradient of wind speed near the ocean surface as an advantage, but the flight speed is moderate. Several studies showed that most ornithocheirids sprawled their limbs to a large degree, similar to crocodiles, while other studies however, conclude that ornithocheirids were generally quadrupedal. Yet other studies concluded that ornithocheirids held their limbs more or less vertically extended, similar to an avian- or mammal-like configuration. Some studies in the later genera, show that ornithocheirids spend much of their time sea fishing, and as a result, they perhaps influenced the later pteranodontids with the same piscivorous diet, as well as their well developed flight techniques. Analyses of limb proportions in the genus Anhanguera however, show that some ornithocheirids were consistent on hopping, but the later genera were suggested that they most likely walked on four limbs, which consists on their wing-fingers as the front limbs, and using their hind limbs to balance.Habib, M. (2011). "Dinosaur Revolution: Anhanguera." H2VP: Paleobiomechanics. Weblog entry, 20-SEP-2011. Accessed 28-SEP-2011: http://h2vp.blogspot.com/2011/09/dinosaur-revolution- anhanguera.html Paleoecology Ornithocheirids were a widespreaded type of pterosaurs, with many fossil remains found across the world. The first true ornithocheirid specimens were uncovered in the Cambridge Greensand of England, these belong to the infamous genus Ornithocheirus, and dated back to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous. Within the fossil site, several other pterosaurs were also found, these include the ornithocheirids Amblydectes and Coloborhynchus, the targaryendraconian Camposipterus, the lonchodectid Lonchodraco, and the azhdarchoid Ornithostoma. The ornithischians Anoplosaurus, Acanthopholis, and the dubious Eucercosaurus and Trachodon were also found within the formation. Fossil remains of the sauropod Macrurosaurus were also present.H.G. Seeley, 1876, "On Macrurosaurus semnus (Seeley), a long tailed animal with procoelous vertebrae from the Cambridge Upper Greensand, preserved in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge", Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 32: 440-444 The bird Enaliornis, as well as the ichthyosaurs Cetarthrosaurus, Platypterygius and Sisteronia were also found alongside the remains of ornithocheirids. Geological map of the Araripe Basin of Brazil, with the extent of the Santana Group shown in dark blue A Lagerstätte called the Santana Group (sometimes known as the Santana Formation) in northeastern Brazil was found to contain a large number of pterosaur genera. The most diverse formation of the group is the Romualdo Formation, known for its wide variety of pterosaur remains.Veldmeijer, A.J. (2006). "Toothed pterosaurs from the Santana Formation (Cretaceous; Aptian- Albian) of northeastern Brazil. A reappraisal on the basis of newly described material ." Tekst. - Proefschrift Universiteit Utrecht. The formation dates back 111 to 108 million years ago, also during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous. The Romualdo Formation is found to contain a variety of ornithocheirids, including Tropeognathus, Coloborhynchus and Araripesaurus, the targaryendraconian Barbosania, and the anhanguerids Anhanguera and Maaradactylus were also found alongside. The related Araripedactylus, Brasileodactylus, Cearadactylus,Leonardi, G. & Borgomanero, G. (1985). "Cearadactylus atrox nov. gen., nov. sp.: novo Pterosauria (Pterodactyloidea) da Chapada do Araripe, Ceara, Brasil." Resumos dos communicaçoes VIII Congresso bras. de Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 27: 75–80. SantanadactylusP. H. Buisonjé. 1980. Santanadactylus brasilensis nov. gen., nov. sp., a long- necked, large pterosaurier from the Aptian of Brasil. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, B 83:145-172 and Unwindia were also present within the fossil site. Many other pterosaur were found within, these include the tapejarid Tapejara, as well as the thalassodromids Thalassodromeus and Tupuxuara. Other animals such the theropods Irritator, Mirischia and Santanaraptor, as well as the crocodylomorph Araripesuchus were also found. Several turtle remains were found within the formation, with some specimens referring to the genera Santanachelys, Cearachelys and Araripemys, and along with these, many fish remains were also found, these were assigned to the genera Brannerion, Rhinobatos, Rhacolepis, Tharrhias and Tribodus. Ornithocheirids were also partially distributed in North America, and several specimens that were found are thought to belong to the genus Uktenadactylus (originally Coloborhychus wadleighi). This pterosaur was uncovered in the Paw Paw Formation of Texas, United States, which dated back to the Albian and Cenomanian stages. The formation includes several ankylosaurian dinosaurs such as Pawpawsaurus, Texasetes, and an indetermine nodosaurid.Coombs, W. P. 1995. A nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15(2):298-312. Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 553-556. . Within the fossil site, several specimens of ammonoids were thought to belong to the genera Turrilites and Scaphites, and along with these, shark remains of Leptostyrax were also found.Cappetta H. 1987. Chondrichthyes II. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii. Schultze H.-P. (ed.), Handbook of Paleoichthyology, Volume 3B. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 193 p. See also * Pterosaur size References Further reading * * External links * Category:Pteranodontoids Category:Valanginian first appearances Category:Cenomanian extinctions Category:Fossil taxa described in 1870 Category:Taxa named by Harry Seeley "

❤️ Gen. Samuel Chandler House 😊

"The Gen. Samuel Chandler House is a historic house at 8 Goodwin Road in Lexington, Massachusetts. The two story wood frame house was built in 1846 to a design by architect Isaac Melvin. The Italianate style house features a bracketed shallow-pitch roof, and a three-story campanile-style tower with a steeply pitched pyramidal roof and three-part round-arch windows with balconies at its top level. A hip-roof porch with arch-forming brackets extends along one side. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. See also *National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts References Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts Category:Buildings and structures in Lexington, Massachusetts Category:Houses completed in 1846 "

❤️ Total Recall (Luni Coleone album) 😊

"Total Recall is the third album released by rapper, Luni Coleone. It was released on March 14, 2000 for the Ideal Music Group and was produced Luni Coleone, Killa Tay, Lo-Key, Hugh Heff and Hollis. This was Luni Coleone's using that name, as he had used the name "Lunasicc" for his first two albums. Total Recall peaked at No. 33 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. The album's title and cover pay homage to the film of the same name. Track listing #"Time Waits 4 No Man"- 4:55 #"Shit Ain't Changed" (featuring Devious) \- 3:59 #"Gangsta Shit"- 2:46 #"F.S."- 4:46 #"Time 4 Murder" (featuring Greedy & Killa Tay) \- 5:02 #"Reincarnation"- 4:27 #"Hundred Spokes"- 5:03 #"Top Dollar" (featuring Agerman & Killa Tay) \- 5:20 #"Dear Mama"- 5:18 #"Ready 4 War"- 2:21 #"Bad Behavior"- 4:32 #"Soldier's Story" (featuring Devious & V-12) \- 4:47 #"Do What I Do" (featuring T.A.C. & Killa Tay) \- 5:31 #"Thug Shit"- 4:26 #"All I Wanna Do"- 4:00 #"U Da Gangsta" (featuring Devious)\- 3:48 Category:2000 albums Category:Luni Coleone albums Category:Albums produced by Big Hollis "