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"Michel Tournier (; 19 December 1924 − 18 January 2016) was a French writer. He won awards such as the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française in 1967 for Friday, or, The Other Island and the Prix Goncourt for The Erl-King in 1970. His inspirations included traditional German culture, Catholicism and the philosophies of Gaston Bachelard. He resided in Choisel and was a member of the Académie Goncourt. His autobiography has been translated and published as The Wind Spirit (Beacon Press, 1988). He was on occasion in contention for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Biography Born in Paris of parents who met at the Sorbonne while studying German, Tournier spent his youth in Saint-Germain- en-Laye. He learned German early, staying each summer in Germany. He studied philosophy at the Sorbonne and at the university of Tübingen and attended Maurice de Gandillac's course. He wished to teach philosophy at high-school but, like his father, failed to obtain the French agrégation. Tournier joined Radio France as a journalist and translator and hosted L'heure de la culture française. In 1954 he worked in advertisement for Europe 1. He also collaborated for Le Monde and Le Figaro. From 1958 to 1968, Tournier was the chief editor of Plon. In 1967 Tournier published his first book, Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique, a retelling of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, for which he was awarded the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française. Tournier died on 18 January 2016 in Choisel, France at the age of 91. Selected works * Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique (Friday) (1967) - Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française * Le Roi des aulnes (1970) (The Erl-King translated 1972 by Barbara Bray, a.k.a. The Ogre) : Le Roi des aulnes was made into a 1996 movie Der Unhold (The Ogre) directed by Volker Schlöndorff and has also been adapted for the stage by Tom Perrin in 2002. * Les Météores (Gemini, 1975) * Le Vent Paraclet (The Wind Spirit, 1977) * Vendredi ou la Vie sauvage (Friday and Robinson, 1977) * Le Coq de bruyère (The Fetishist and Other Stories, 1978) * Gaspard, Melchior et Balthazar (The Four Wise Men, 1980) * Le Vol du vampire (1981) * Gilles et Jeanne (Gilles and Jeanne, 1983) * La Goutte d'or (The Golden Droplet, 1986) * Petites Proses (1986) * Le Medianoche amoureux (The Midnight Love Feast, 1989) * La Couleuvrine (1994) * Le Miroir des idées (The Mirror of Ideas, 1994) * Eléazar ou la Source et le Buisson (Eleazar, Exodus to the West, 1996) * Journal extime (2002) Notes References * Jean-Louis de Rambures, "Comment travaillent les écrivains", Paris 1978 (interview with M. Tournier) Further reading * * Christopher Anderson. Michel Tournier's Children: Myth, Intertext, Initiation. Peter Lang. 1998. 145pp. * Walter Redfern: Le Coq De Bruyere. Michel Tournier. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 1996. 138pp. * William Cloonan. Michel Tournier. Twayne. 1985. 110pp. * Colin Davis. Michel Tournier: Philosophy and Fiction. Clarendon Press. 1988. 222pp. * Rachel Edwards. Myth and the Fiction of Michel Tournier and Patrick Grainville. Edwin Mellen Press. 1999. 310pp. * David Gascoigne. Michel Tournier. Berg. 1996. 234pp. * Mairi Maclean. Michel Tournier: Exploring Human Relations. Bristol Academic. 2003. 308pp. * Susan Petit. Michel Tournier's Metaphysical Fictions. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 1991. 224pp. * Pary Pezechkian-Weinberg. Michel Tournier: marginalité et création. Peter Lang. 1997. 170pp. Language: French. * David Platten. Michel Tournier and the Metaphor of Fiction. Liverpool University Press. 1999. 250pp. * Martin Roberts. Michel Tournier: Bricolage and Cultural Mythology. Anma Libri. 1994. 192pp. * Jane Kathryn Stribling. Plenitude Restored, Or, Trompe L'oeil: The Problématic of Fragmentation and Integration in the Prose Works of Pierre Jean Jouve and Michel Tournier. Peter Lang. 1998. 339pp. * Michel Tournier. The Wind Spirit: An Autobiography. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Beacon Press. 1988. 259pp. * Vladimir Tumanov. “John and Abel in Michel Tournier’s Le Roi des Aulnes.” Romanic Review 90 (3) 1999: 417-434. * Michael Worton (editor). Michel Tournier. Longman. 1995. 220pp. * Zhaoding Yang. Michel Tournier: La Conquête de la Grande Santé. Peter Lang. 2001. 175pp. Language: French. External links * * Category:1924 births Category:2016 deaths Category:20th-century French novelists Category:21st- century French novelists Category:Writers from Paris Category:Prix Goncourt winners Category:University of Paris alumni Category:Grand Prix du Roman winners Category:French male novelists Category:20th-century French male writers Category:21st-century French male writers "
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"A pushout is a student that leaves their school before graduation, through the encouragement of the school. A student who leaves of their own accord (e.g., to work or care for a child), rather than through the action of the school, is considered a school dropout. In typical use, the category of pushouts excludes students who have been formally expelled from school for violating rules (e.g., for being violent). Students may be pushed out of school because their presence in the school creates difficulty in meeting some goal of the school. For example, in the case where funding for the school is dependent upon scholastic achievement of the students, if the school can get rid of low- performing students, average test scores on academic performance tests will go up, thus increasing funding."To Cut Failure Rate, Schools Shed Students" by Tamar Lewin and Jennifer Medina, New York Times. July 31, 2003. Schools may pushout truant students, who formally enroll in classes, but then refuse to attend. In some low-performing schools in Chicago combined dropout/pushout rates have exceeded 25% in one year."Enrollment drops point to pushout effect", Catalyst, Voices of Chicago Educational Reform. June, 1999 Adolescents are also pushed from schools because they present discipline problems. Within youth advocacy and activist communities, pushout is a term that recognizes the intersecting forces of oppression most commonly responsible for high school "drop outs" within marginalized communities of color, allowing for the responsibility to be placed on those forces, rather than the youth impacted by unequal education, economics, disciplinary actions, and racism. See also *Remedial education *School-to-prison pipeline References Category:School and classroom behaviour "