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"The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) is a learned society with a scientific laboratory that undertakes research in marine biology. The organisation was founded in 1884 and has been based in Plymouth since the Citadel Hill Laboratory was opened on 30 June 1888. The MBA is also home to the National Marine Biological Library, whose collections cover the marine biological sciences, and curates the Historical Collections. Throughout its history, the MBA has had a Royal Patron. The current patron of the MBA is H.R.H. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. In 2013, the MBA was granted a Royal Charter in recognition of the MBA's scientific preeminence in its field. Origins and foundation Royal Citadel on Plymouth Hoe. In 1866 the Royal Commission on the Sea Fisheries, which included among its officers Professor Thomas Henry Huxley, had reported that fears of over-exploitation of the sea fisheries were unfounded.J. Caird, T. H. Huxley & G. S. Lefevre (1866) Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Sea Fisheries of the United Kingdom. London HMSO, Vol. I, 108 pp. They recommended removing existing laws regulating fishing grounds and closed seasons. However, the increase in the size and number of fishing vessels was causing widespread concern, and there were reports from all around the UK coasts about the scarcity of particular fish. This concern was expressed at the International Fisheries Exhibition in London in 1883, a conference called to discuss the commercial and scientific aspects of the fishing industry, and which was attended by many leading scientists of the day. Nevertheless, in his opening address,T. H. Huxley (1884) Inaugural address. International Fisheries Exhibition, 1883, Literature, 4, 1-19. Huxley discounted reports of fish scarcities and repeated the views of the Royal Commission of 1866. He stated that with existing methods of fishing, it was inconceivable that the great sea fisheries, such as those for cod (Gadus morhua), herring (Clupea harengus) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus), could ever be exhausted. Many of the representatives of science and commerce present had different views to Huxley. Their views were put forward by E. Ray Lankester, who summed up the scientific contributions in an essay on what we would now call ecology. He pointed out that "it is a mistake to suppose that the place of fish removed from a particular fishing ground is immediately taken by some of the grand total of fish, which are so numerous in comparison with man's depredations as to make his operations in this respect insignificant...there is on the contrary evidence that shoal fish, like herrings, mackerel and pilchard (Sardina pilchardus), and ground-fish, such as soles and other flat-fishes, are really localised. If man removes a large proportion of these fish from the areas which they inhabit, the natural balance is upset and chiefly in so far as the production of young fish is concerned."E. R. Lankester (1884) The scientific results of the exhibition. International Fisheries Exhibition, 1883, Literature, 4, 443-446. During this masterly address he went on to develop this theme and concluded with an appeal for the formation of a society to foster the study of marine life, both for its scientific interest and because of the need to know more about the life histories and habitats of food fishes. Professor Lankester envisaged that such a society would construct a laboratory close to the coast, with the building containing aquaria and apparatus for the circulation of seawater and, most importantly, laboratory accommodation for scientists. The appeal was answered by a group of eminent scientists, who resolved to form a society and build a laboratory on the British coast. =Founders= The Committee formed at the International Fisheries Exhibition 1883 resolved to take action to establish a British Marine Laboratory, an initiative that ultimately led to the formation of the Marine Biological Association and building of the Laboratory in Plymouth. They were: * Sir John Lubbock, MP (later Lord Avebury) * P. L. Sclater FRS, Secretary of the Zoological Society * F. Jeffrey Bell, Professor of Zoology at King's College London * Michael Foster FRS, Professor of Physiology at University of Cambridge * J. Burdon-Sanderson FRS, Professor of Physiology at University of Oxford * W. H. Flower FRS, Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons * G. J. Romanes FRS, Secretary of the Linnean Society * A. Sedgwick, Trinity College, Cambridge * H. N. Moseley, Linacre Professor of Anatomy at University of Oxford * A. Milnes Marshall, Professor of Zoology at Owens College, Manchester (1879–93) * W. T. Thiselton-Dyer FRS, Assistant Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew * W. B. Carpenter FRS * G. J. Allman FRS, Emeritus Professor of Natural History at University of Edinburgh * John Murray, Director of the Challenger Expedition Reports The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom was formed at a meeting held in the rooms of the Royal Society in London on 31 March 1884. All but two of the signatories of the resolution of 1883 were present, together with some other scientists. By this time Professor Huxley had been persuaded to give his support and was elected as the first President of the Association, with Ray Lankester as Honorary Secretary. Presidents and Directors The MBA is governed by a Council which is headed by a President. The MBA's Director is responsible for the day-to-day running of the Association. =Presidents= Since 1884, the MBA has had fifteen Presidents.: * T. H. Huxley FRS (1884 to 1890) * Sir E. Ray Lankester FRS (1890 to 1929) * Lord Moyne (1930 to 1939) * George Parker Bidder (1939 to 1945) * Sir James Gray FRS (1945 to 1955) * A. V. Hill FRS (1955 to 1960) * C. F. A. Pantin FRS (1960 to 1966) * Sir Alan L. Hodgkin FRS (1966 to 1976) * J. Z. Young FRS (1976 to 1986) * James Lovelock FRS (1986 to 1990) * Sir Crispin Tickell (1990 to 2001) * Sir Neil Chalmers (2002 to 2007) * Sir Howard Dalton FRS (2007 to 2008) * Sir Geoffrey Holland (2008 to 2014) * Sir John Beddington FRS (2014 to present) =Directors= There have been fourteen directors of the Marine Biological Association since its foundation: * 1884–1888: Walter Heape FRS * 1888–1890: Gilbert C. Bourne FRS * 1890–1892: William L. Calderwood * 1892–1894: Edward J. Bles FRSE * 1894–1936: Edgar Johnson Allen FRS * 1936–1945: Stanley W. Kemp FRS * 1945–1965: Sir Frederick S. Russell FRS * 1965–1974: Sir J. Eric Smith FRS * 1974–1987: Sir Eric J. Denton FRS * 1987–1999: Michael Whitfield * 1999–2007: Stephen J. Hawkins * 2007–2017: Colin Brownlee * 2017–2018: Matthew T Frost * 2018-- : William H. Wilson Past and current research The MBA has a world- leading reputation for marine biological research, with some twelve Nobel laureates having been or being associated with it over the course of their career. Among them, A. V. Hill received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1922 "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle". The discovery of the mechanism of nerve impulses (action potentials) in animals was made at the Laboratory in Plymouth by Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Sir Andrew Huxley, work for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1963. The MBA publishes the Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. A public aquarium operated by the association was transferred to the new National Marine Aquarium at Sutton Harbour in 1998. The current MBA Research Programme includes work on molecular and cell biology, physiology and ecology. A wide range of marine organisms are studied from microscopic organisms such as marine plankton and viruses and much larger species such as sharks and giant kelp. The objective of this research is to increase understanding of the structure and function of marine ecosystems. The association's research is led by a number of Research Fellows who each run an interdisciplinary group which collaborates with other organisations as well as obtaining funding for their work. The groundbreaking work of MBA research scientists has been recognised by many national and international awards over the years, including the Royal Society's Royal Medal, Darwin Medal and Croonian Lecture, the Zoological Society of London's Frink Medal, and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science's International Prize for Biology. Long-term science observations of physical and biological parameters in the ocean have been collected by the MBA for over 100 years providing a foundation of data supporting studies aimed at understanding biological responses to marine environmental changes including effects of climate change. National Marine Biological Library The National Marine Biological Library (NMBL) began in 1887 as the research support library for the MBA. Today, it provides research support for the MBA, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science and Plymouth Marine Laboratory. The NMBL's holdings include periodicals, serials, journals, reports and grey literature, a large collection of historical and modern books, an extensive reprint collection, and expedition reports. These cover the vast majority of the world. The NMBL’s Special Collections include the research libraries of several eminent MBA scientists; these are George Parker Bidder, Edward Thomas Browne, Sidney Frederic Harmer, E. Ray Lankester, Marie Victoire Lebour and John Zachary Young. Additionally, the NMBL curates the MBA Archive Collection which details the MBA's institutional history as well the history of marine biology in Britain since the late-nineteenth century, especially through the collection’s personal papers. These include scientific papers and material from Walter Garstang, Sidney Harmer, Hildebrand Wolfe Harvey, Thomas Hincks, Thomas V. Hodgson, Stanley W. Kemp, Charles A. Kofoid, Mary Parke, John Richardson, Frederick S. Russell, Thomas A. Stephenson, Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, Edward A. Wilson and William Yarrell. Journal of the Marine Biological Association Since 1887, the MBA has published the Journal of the Marine Biological Association (JMBA), a scientific journal "publishing original research on all aspects of marine biology". Royal Patrons Throughout its history the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom has had a member of the Royal Family as its Royal Patron. * HRH Duke of Edinburgh October 1953Present. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-marine-biological- association-of-the-united-kingdom/article/marine-biological-association-of- the-united-kingdomreport-of-the-council- for-195253/FE309FC1A5700CB540AEDA4034801449 ReferencesExternal links *Website of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom *Website of the National Marine Biological Library Category:Biology organizations Category:Scientific organizations established in 1884 Category:Organisations based in Devon Category:1884 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:Learned societies of the United Kingdom Category:Biology societies Category:Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom Category:Oceanographic organizations Category:Buildings and structures in Plymouth, Devon "
"Schreinemaker's Analysis is the use of Schreinemaker's Rules to create a phase diagram. After applying Schreinemaker's Rules and creating a phase diagram, the resulting geometric figure will be thermodynamically accurate, although the axes will be undetermined. In order to determine the correct orientation of the geometric figure obtained through Schreinemaker's Rules, one must have additional information about the given reactions or go through an analytical treatment of the thermodynamics of the relevant phases. Metastable extensions Univariant lines are sometimes called reaction lines. The extension of a univariant line through the invariant point is called the metastable extension. Univariant lines are usually drawn as a solid line while their metastable extensions are drawn as a dotted line. Univariant lines and their metastable extensions are often labeled by putting in square brackets the phase that is absent from the reaction associated with the given univariant line. In other words, since every univariant line represents a chemical equilibrium, these equilibrium curves are named with the phase (or phases) that is not involved in the equilibrium. Take an example with four phases: A, B, C, D. If a univariant line is defined by the equilibrium reaction A+D←→C, this univariant line would be labeled [B], because the phase B is absent from the reaction A+D←→C. Morey-Schreinemaker Coincidence Theorem The Morey-Schreinemaker Coincidence Theorem states that for every univariant line that passes through the invariant point, one side is stable and the other is metastable. The invariant point marks the boundary of the stable and metastable segments of a reaction line. =Phase Rule= An invariant point is defined as a representation of an invariant system (0 degrees of freedom by Gibbs' phase rule) by a point on a phase diagram. A univariant line thus represents a univariant system with 1 degree of freedom. Two univariant lines can then define a divariant area with 2 degrees of freedom. =Metastable Extensions Rule= From the Morey-Schreinemaker Coincidence Theorem, Schreinemaker's Rules can be determined. These rules can be used in the creation of an accurate phase diagram where both axes are intensive thermodynamic variables. There are many correct collections of "Schreinemaker's Rules" and the choice to use a given set of rules depends on the nature of the phase diagrams being created. Due to the phrasing of the Morey-Schreinemaker Coincidence Theorem, only one rule is essential to the Schreinemaker's Rules. This is the so-called metastable extensions rule: > The metastable extension of the [phase-absent] reaction must fall in the > sector in which that phase is stable in all possible assemblages.Spear, > Frank S. Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths. > Washington, D.C: Mineralogical Society of America, 1995. A generic phase diagram with unspecified axes; the invariant point is marked in red, metastable extensions labeled in blue, relevant reactions noted on stable ends of univariant lines. This rule is geometrically sound in the construction of phase diagrams since for every metastable reaction, there must be a phase that is relatively stable. This phase must be the one which does not participate in the reaction and is therefore not consumed as a reactant or formed as a product, thus being "stable." Some collections of Schreinemaker's Rules will contain the following, additional, basic statements: * No assemblage has a stability area greater than 180°. * All reactants and products are stable in the field where the reaction plots. * The absent phase is unstable where the reaction plots. * Complex reactions (high number of participating phases) usually lie within bounding, simple reactions defining the phase stability region. * The simplest divariant region usually contains the most metastable extensions. * If each stable and metastable reaction curve is labeled with the absent phase, then the order of the named curves as you proceed around the invariant point should cycle through all phases twice in order of their relative reaction components. Assemblages An assemblage is defined as the phases on one side of an equilibrium reaction. An assemblage can be either a single phase or a collection of phases. In the example above with the equilibrium reaction A+D←→C, (A+D) is an assemblage as well as (C) on its own. External links * Schreinemakers Method References Category:Phase transitions Category:Diagrams "
"Parliamentary Affairs is a British peer-reviewed quarterly academic journal. Founded in 1947, it focuses on the government and politics of the United Kingdom, and also covers parliamentary systems across the world. It is published by the Oxford Journals section of Oxford University Press, in partnership with the Hansard Society, which was created to promote parliamentary democracy throughout the world. The journal is available online, and also produces podcasts. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 1.115, ranking it 49th out of 161 journals in the category "Political Science". It is edited by Philip Cowley, Jon Tonge and David S. Moon.Oxford Journals - Parliamentary Affairs: About the Journal ReferencesExternal links *Parliamentary Affairs website *Hansard Society website Category:Political science journals Category:English-language journals Category:Publications established in 1947 Category:Quarterly journals Category:Oxford University Press academic journals Category:1947 establishments in the United Kingdom "