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"Operation Agatha (Saturday, June 29, 1946) sometimes called Black Sabbath ("השבת השחורה") or Black Saturday because it began on the Jewish sabbath, was a police and military operation conducted by the British authorities in Mandatory Palestine. Soldiers and police searched for arms and made arrests in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, and Haifa, and in several dozen settlements; the Jewish Agency was raided. The total number of British security forces involved is variously reported as 10,000, 17,000, and 25,000. About 2,700 individuals were arrested, among them future Israeli Prime Minister Moshe Sharett. The officially given purpose of the operation was to end "the state of anarchy" then existing in Palestine. Other objectives included obtaining documentary proof of Jewish Agency approval of sabotage operations by the Palmach and of an alliance between the Haganah and the more violent Lehi (Stern Gang) and Irgun, destroying the Haganah's military power, boosting army morale and preventing a coup d'état being mounted by the Lehi and Irgun.Clarke, Thurston, By Blood and Fire, Putnam, 1981, Ch.6. Background June 16, 1946, saw the "Night of the Bridges" when the Palmach blew up eight road and rail bridges linking Palestine to neighbouring countries. On June 17, the Lehi attacked railway workshops in Haifa. Shortly afterwards, the Irgun kidnapped six British officers. One officer subsequently escaped, and two were released. The Irgun announced that the remaining officers would be released only in exchange for the commutation of death sentences for two Irgun members.The Role of Jewish Defense Organizations in Palestine The British Army had, for months, wanted to take military action against the Zionist underground organizations, but had been blocked by High Commissioner Alan Cunningham, who was also particularly opposed to military action being taken against the Jewish Agency. Cunningham changed his mind after the "Night of the Bridges" and flew to London to meet the British Cabinet and army chief Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery in London. Montgomery formulated the plan for Operation Agatha. With reluctance, Cunningham accepted it, hoping that, with the more militant Zionists restrained, the way would be opened to reaching a political settlement with the more moderate (and pro-British) leaders such as Chaim Weizmann. During the operation, in a radio broadcast, Cunningham said: "[The arrests] are not directed against the Jewish community as a whole but solely against those few who are taking an active part in the present campaign of violence and those who are responsible for instigating and directing it ... ." Chief of the Secretariat, Sir John Shaw, outlined the official objective of the operation at a press conference in Jerusalem: "Large-scale operations have been authorized to end the state of anarchy existing in Palestine and to enable law-abiding citizens to pursue their normal occupations without fear of kidnapping, murder, or being blown-up." Shaw believed that the British should end the existing situation by either partitioning Palestine into Jewish and Arab states and then leaving or dismantling the Jewish Agency, which claimed administrative authority yet secretly supported acts by the underground Zionist military organizations, and governing without it, approved of the operation. Underlying the official objective were several others. One was to obtain documentary proof of the Jewish Agency's approval of sabotage operations by the Palmach and an alliance between the Haganah and the more violent Lehi (Stern Gang) and Irgun in carrying out violent acts. Another was to forestall a coup d'etat. In June, members of the Jewish Agency's Executive and the Haganah High Command had met with delegates of the Irgun and Lehi at which the latter, according to intelligence, had stated their intention of asking the Yishuv to participate in a coup "for the proclamation of a future Jewish State and the interruption of all relations with the existing Palestine Administration." In the wake of the "Night of the Bridges," another was to break the military power of the Haganah. As the Haganah had appeared to be acting in cooperation with the Lehi and Irgun, the British authorities believed, mistakenly, that this was also necessary because the Haganah might co-operate with the prospective Irgun and Lehi coup. Lastly, Montgomery had stated that the operation was required to boost army morale. Operation A room in Kibbutz Yagur after a weapon search conducted during Operation Agatha. From the collections of the National Library of Israel. On June 29, Operation Agatha began, lasting until July 1. Curfews were imposed throughout Palestine, low-flying planes circled Jerusalem, roadblocks were put up, trains were flagged down, and passengers were evacuated and escorted home. Special licenses were required for the operations of emergency vehicles. British troops and police raided the Jewish Agency headquarters in Jerusalem, the Jewish Agency office in Tel Aviv, and other Jewish institutions such as the Women's International Zionist Organization and the Histadrut. A total of 27 Jewish settlements in Palestine were searched, and the residents of these settlements sometimes put up fierce resistance. Four Jews were killed resisting British searches. Mass arrests of Jewish leaders and Haganah members were carried out. A total of 2,718 people were arrested, including four members of the Jewish Agency Executive, seven Haganah officers, and nearly half of the Palmach's fighting force. However, due to a Haganah intelligence warning, most Haganah commanders were able to evade arrest. Searches of Jewish settlements uncovered 15 arms caches, including one of the Haganah's three central arsenals at Kibbutz Yagur, where more than 300 rifles, some 100 2-inch mortars, more than 400,000 bullets, some 5,000 grenades and 78 revolvers were confiscated. The arms were displayed at a press conference, and all the men of Yagur were arrested.Etzel.org Agatha triggered echoes of the Holocaust in the minds of many people. Women ripped their clothing to expose concentration camp tattoos. There were incidents of people in the settlements herded into cages while screaming that this was what the Nazis did. A minority among the British troops exacerbated the situation by shouting "Heil Hitler," scrawling swastikas on walls, and referring to gas chambers while conducting searches.Clarke, ibid., pp.68-69. Aftermath and consequences Statement of Information regarding recent attacks, including a summary of information gained from Operation Agatha. After Agatha ended, the kidnapped British officers were released, and High Commissioner Alan Cunningham commuted the Irgun members' death sentences to life imprisonment. The Haganah and Palmach were dissuaded from continued anti-British operations.Alan Cunningham, "Palestine: The Last Days of the Mandate", International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944), Vol. 24, No. 4 Oct. 1948, pp. 485. However, the more extreme groups, the Lehi (Stern Gang) and the Irgun Tzvai Leumi, headed by future Prime Minister Menachem Begin, continued and even intensified their attacks.Jewish Virtual Library Specifically, the Irgun retaliated for Operation Agatha by bombing the south wing of the King David Hotel, which was the headquarters of the British government in Palestine. One reason for bombing the South wing was because that was the location where it was presumed that the British had taken the documents from the Jewish Agency. References External links *Operation Agatha *Official British H.Q. Report on the Operation, ParaData website, Trustees of the Airborne Forces Museum, Duxford *Jewish Agency for Israel Category:1946 in Mandatory Palestine Category:Military operations involving the United Kingdom Category:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine Category:Jewish Agency for Israel "
"Miguel Alemán may refer to: *Miguel Alemán González (1884–1929), general in the Mexican Revolution; father of: *Miguel Alemán Valdés (1900–1983), president of Mexico from 1946 to 1952; father of: *Miguel Alemán Velasco (born 1932), governor of Veracruz from 1998 to 2004; father of: *Miguel Alemán Magnani, owner of low-cost airline Interjet Named for them *Estadio Miguel Aleman, sports stadium in Celaya, Guanajuato *Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas, a city and municipality in the state of Tamaulipas *Viaducto Miguel Alemán, east–west expressway in Mexico City *Miguel Alemán Lake, in Oaxaca, Mexico Unrelated *José Miguel Alemán (born 1956), Panamanian politician *Miguel Alemán (chess player) (1906–1979), Cuban chess player Aleman, Miguel "
"Alphonso D'Abruzzo may refer to: *Robert Alda, American actor, whose birth name was Alphonso Giuseppe Giovanni Roberto D'Abruzzo *Alan Alda, American actor, whose birth name was Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo; son of the Alphonso Giuseppe Giovanni Roberto D'Abruzzo (above) "