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"The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is an ocean current with importance for global climate since it provides a low-latitude pathway for warm, freshwater to move from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean and this serves as the upper branch of the global heat conveyor belt. Higher ocean surface topography in the western Pacific than found in the Indian Ocean drives upper thermocline water from the North Pacific through the western route of the Makassar Strait to either directly exit through the Lombok Strait or flow eastward into the Banda Sea. Weaker flows of saltier and denser South Pacific water pass over the Lifamatola Passage into the Banda Sea, where these waters mass are mixed due to tidal effects, Ekman pumping, and heat and freshwater flux at the ocean surface. From the Banda Sea the ITF exits Timor, Ombai, and Lombok passages. The location and topography of the channels that make up the ITF are shown in the Figure. Lombok Strait is 300m deep and roughly 35 km wide and the currents vary between 0.286 m/s (0.6 mi/hr) eastward to 0.67 m/s westward and average 0.25 m/s westward. Currents in Ombai vary between 0.12 m/s eastward to 0.16 m/s westward, averaging 0.11 m/s westward and are funneled within the 1250m deep and 35 km wide passage. Timor passage, which is 1890 m deep by 160 km wide, is the widest of the exit pathways and averages only 0.02 m/s. From 2004–2006, 11 moorings were deployed across the entrance and exit regions of the ITF and were positioned to accurately measure each passage’s contribution as part of the International Nusantara Stratification and Transport (INSTANT) program. Flow in through Makassar (11.6 Sv, 1 Sv = 106 m³/s) and Lifamatola (1.1 Sv) sums to 12.7 Sv. Total outflow transport corresponds to 15.0 Sv (varying from 10.7 to 18.7 Sv) and is made up of Lombok (2.6 Sv), Ombai (4.9 Sv) and Timor (7.5 Sv) contributions.Sprintall, J., S.E. Wijffels, R. Molcard, and I. Jaya, Direct estimates of the Indonesian Throughflow entering the Indian Ocean: 2004-2006, Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 114, 19, 2009. Heat Transport of the Indonesian Throughflow is 1.087 PW (1 PW=1015 Watt).“Heat transport through Indonesian throughflow by Vivek Kumar Pandey and Avinash Chand Pandey in J. Ind. Geophys. Union ( October 2006 ) Vol.10, No.4, pp.273-277”. (PDF) ITF heat transport result from POM Model. Circulation and transport within the Indonesian Seas vary along with large-scale monsoon flow. During June to August, southeasterlies of the southwest monsoon predominate over Indonesia and drive strong Ekman divergence (southwestward flow in the Southern Hemisphere thus increasing ITF to 15 Sv) whereas from December to February, Northwest Monsoon westerlies serve to directly reduce the ITF. During monsoon transitions, strong westerly winds in the eastern Indian Ocean force equatorial downwelling Kelvin waves (eastward moving, eastward flow) that propagate through the Indonesian passages as coastally trapped Kelvin waves and serve to reduce the ITF flow with a minimum in April of 9 Sv. Another way to think about it is that downwelling on the Indian Ocean side increases sea level and so reduces the normal Pacific-to-Indian pressure head reducing the flow. Global-scale, ocean waves such as equatorial/coastal Kelvin and Rossby waves drive interannual variation of the ITF with an amplitude of roughly +/-3 Sv.Schiller, A., S.E. Wijffels, J. Sprintall, R. Molcard, and P.R. Oke, Pathways of intraseasonal variability in the Indonesian Throughflow region, Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 50 (2), 174-200, 2010. Western- central Pacific westerly winds from El Nino force westward moving-equatorial Rossby waves and eastward currents that hit eastern New Guinea and propagate around the west coast as coastal Kelvin waves and down through the ITF along the west Australia Shelf coast serving to reduce the ITF. Upwelling (i.e. reduced sea level) associated with Rossby waves on the Pacific side reduces the Pacific-to-Indian pressure gradient and reduces the ITF. Interannual variability of Indian Ocean westerlies acts in the same manner as the seasonal equatorial Kelvin waves to reduce the normal westward ITF flow as well. An important feature of the Indonesian Throughflow is that because the water in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean has a higher temperature and lower salinity than the water in the Indian Ocean, the Throughflow transports large amounts of relatively warm and fresh water to the Indian Ocean. When the Indonesian Throughflow (through Lombok Strait, Ombai and the Timor Passages) enters the Indian Ocean it is advected towards Africa within the Indian South Equatorial Current. There it eventually exits the Indian Ocean with the Agulhas Current around South Africa into the Atlantic Ocean. So the Indonesian Throughflow transports a significant amount of Pacific Ocean heat into the southwest Indian Ocean, which is approximately away from the Lombok Strait.Indonesian Throughflow - Marine Research See also * Ocean gyre * Throughflow References External links * The Indonesian Throughflow at whoi.edu. Category:Geography of Indonesia Category:Currents of the Indian Ocean Category:Currents of the Pacific Ocean "
"Wumpscut (stylised as :wumpscut:) was an electro-industrial music project from Germany. It was founded in May 1991 by Bavarian disc jockey Rudolf "Rudy" Ratzinger (born June 3, 1966). History Rudy Ratzinger was the creative force behind Wumpscut, occasionally employing the help of guest artists (such as Aleta Welling, P·A·L, Selene etc.). Ratzinger cites the influence of such bands as Leæther Strip as his reason for making the transfer from DJing to recording music: "I was a DJ for several years and was tired of offering the audience only alien stuff. The first Leæther Strip works were responsible for trying something on my own." First works performed by Wumpscut dates back to the early 1990s when Rudy Ratzinger started to play music in Bavarian club houses and in Southern Germany. In a 1997 interview, Rudy Ratzinger reveals that "Pornography" and "War Combattery" were his first two songs in EBM, those two four-minute songs are to be found on Defcon, the first demo issued by Wumpscut in late 1991. Yet, only "Pornography" was picked for reappearance on Blutkind (although a remix of War Combattery surfaced on the Mesner Tracks re- release EP which was released before). According to Rudy, "War Combattery" was a great hit in club houses: "[It] was a very big success in the clubs in Southern Germany." The release of the song "Soylent Green", which is named after the 1973 movie and also contains audio samples from the German dubbed version, first attracted attention to Wumpscut. Since its release in 1993, it has become a frequently played song at events and clubs in the goth and industrial subcultures, in Germany, UK and the United States. Wumpscut produced elaborate box set releases including limited versions of CD or LP releases with additional and bonus material (bonus tracks, "liquid soylent" energy drinks, posters, pins, stickers, bags, flags, etc.). Wumpscut albums were reissued with variant artworks, remastering and track listings. Standalone merchandise such as baseball caps, coffee mugs and t-shirts were also made available for purchase. Rudy Ratzinger has to date released seventeen studio albums plus a number of compilations: demos, compilation tracks, and remixes from deleted singles and EPs. The sixteenth Wumpscut album, Wüterich, released March 25, 2016 on the Metropolis label. He released a "best of" album titled Innerfire on May 5th, 2017, while also announcing that Wumpscut would no longer be producing or making any new music on his Facebook and Twitter accounts. Record labels Ratzinger started his own record label, Beton Kopf Media, in 1995, used exclusively to release Wumpscut material to the European market. In 1996, he started the label Mental Ulcer Forges which lapsed in the early 2000s, then relaunched in 2006. The label released albums by the following bands: Remyl, Noisex, B-Ton-K, Yendri and F/A/V. Rudy also managed the label Fleisskoma with Karl Kimmerl (B-Ton-K), which has released work by the electronic band Press to Transmit. Live performance Despite the project's popularity in the electro-industrial genre, Wumpscut was a studio-only project and never toured. When asked for his reason behind this decision, Rudy commented: "I cannot come up to my self-set level." Discography References External links * List of releases * Wumpscut at Myspace * Category:Electro-industrial music groups Category:German industrial music groups Category:German electronic music groups Category:Musical groups established in 1991 Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:Metropolis Records artists Category:1991 establishments in Germany "
"Lopez Island is the third largest of the San Juan Islands and an unincorporated town in San Juan County, Washington, United States. Lopez Island is in land area. The 2000 census population was 2,177, though the population swells in the summer, as second homes, rental houses, and campsites fill up. History rightthumb Iceberg Point at the southern tip of Lopez Island overlooking the Strait of Juan de Fuca During the Wilkes Expedition, Lopez Island was given the name Chauncey Island, after the American naval commander Isaac Chauncey. When the British reorganized the official admiralty naval charts in 1847, Henry Kellett systematically removed many of Wilkes's names. He renamed the island Lopez, for Gonzalo López de Haro, the Spanish naval officer who was the first European to discover the San Juan Islands archipelago. The Lopez Island Historical Museum collects and preserves the regional history of Lopez and the San Juan Islands. The museum features artifacts reflecting Lopez's contributions to the maritime, fishing and farming industries. The museum has an extensive archive of local historical documents as well as artifacts depicting life on Lopez Island in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Demographics = 2010 Census = As of the 2010 census, there were 2,383 people, 1,204 households, and 719 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 93.6% White, 0.3% African American, 0.9% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 1.2% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.6% of the population. There were 1,204 households, of which 14% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.3% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.97 and the average family size was 2.45. The median age in the city was 56.9 years. 12.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6%, 28.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. Geography Lopez Island is flatter than most of the other major San Juan Islands. It is also the most rural of the larger islands, and has rolling terrain of forest, farmland, and beaches. The island is longest in the north–south direction. =Climate= This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lopez Island has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.Climate Summary for Lopez Island Transportation There are no highways on Lopez Island, and no bridges connecting to the mainland or other islands. The primary means of travel to and from Lopez Island is by ferry. The ferry terminal is located at the extreme north end of the island.http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/ferries/vesselwatch/TerminalDetail.aspx?terminalid=13 It is the first stop of four on the Washington State Ferries’ San Juan Islands run. A typical sailing from Anacortes takes approximately 40 minutes. Lopez Island Airport is the main airstrip for the island, located on its west side, offering daily commercial flights. Charter floatplanes land in Fisherman Bay at Fisherman Bay Seaplane Base, located approximately three-fourths mile north of the airport. A small private airstrip called Windsock Airport is located less than one and a half miles from the ferry terminal. Economy and Tourism Lopez is home to a large number of tourist-related businesses, largely country-style bed and breakfasts and rental houses, many with ocean views. There is a vineyard, one hotel and resort, two public marinas, several restaurants and cafes, a Zagat-rated gourmet restaurant,Christopher Hall, "Off the Washington Coast, a Restaurant That Follows the North Star of Localism" New York Times (Sept. 15, 2018) at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/15/travel/ursa-minor-lopez-island-washington- restaurant-review.html a small bookstore, and two coffee shops. The summer months' Saturday Market in Lopez Village is filled with arts and crafts, local farm produce, and community activities. Lopez Island is a popular destination for bicycle tourists. Bicyclists are advised to avoid Center Road, which is not as wide as other island roads. But overall, the drivers are bicycle- friendly and the roads are easier to ride than those on the other San Juan Islands with lower speed limits. The island is known for the longstanding custom of waving at every motorist, bicyclist, or pedestrian encountered on the island's roads."The laid-back pleasures of Lopez Island," Seattle Times (3 August 2012) http://www.seattletimes.com/life/travel/the-laid-back-pleasures- of-lopez-island/ In 1996 Paul Allen bought a large Sperry Peninsula site on Lopez Island.http://old.seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2022516299_allanislandsalexml.html The purchase displaced Camp Nor'wester, a summer camp for local children that had been running for 50 years. Parks Shark Reef Park *Agate Beach County Park -- This picnic area and beach is at the end of MacKaye Harbor Road at the south end of the island. *Odlin County Park -- This park is used for camping and picnics and has a boat launch. One of the most popular beaches on the island, Odlin Park resides just south of the Ferry Landing and is a popular stop during the summer. *Otis Perkins Day Park -- This park has one of the longest beaches in the San Juan Islands. *Shark Reef Park -- This park offers long views west over San Juan Channel. It includes a half-mile trail through some old-growth trees. *Spencer Spit State Park -- The focus of this park on the northeast side of the island is a long, low sandspit that almost connects to small Frost Island just offshore. This 130 acre (53 ha) park has a camping area, picnic sites, and mooring buoys for boats. *Upright Channel Park -- This state-operated facility offers several picnic sites and a hike down to a sandy beach. Media *KLOI-LP - local low-power FM radio station based on Lopez Island. References External links *Lopez Island Chamber of Commerce, including webcam. *Lopez Island Historical Museum *Lopez Island Heritage *San Juan Islands Visitors Bureau * Category:San Juan Islands Category:Populated places in San Juan County, Washington Category:Unincorporated communities in Washington (state) "