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"David Robert Stevens, Baron Stevens of Ludgate (born 26 May 1936) is a British peer who was formerly one of two UKIP members in the House of Lords. He was educated at Stowe School and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (MA, Economics). He is the son of Arthur Edwin Stevens who was the creator of the first body- worn electronic hearing aid. He was the chairman of United Newspapers, 1981 - 1999. He was created a life peer on 27 March 1987 taking the title Baron Stevens of Ludgate, of Ludgate in the City of London. He originally sat as a Conservative, but was expelled by the party in 2004 after he signed a letter in support of UKIP. He sat as an Independent Conservative but joined UKIP in 2012. In late 2018, he left UKIP to once again sit as an Independent Conservative. Arms References =Further reading= * External links * * Category:1936 births Category:Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge Category:Conservative Party (UK) life peers Category:Independent politicians in England Category:Living people Category:People educated at Stowe School Category:Informa Category:UK Independence Party life peers "
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"Grave of Menachem Mendel Morgenstern in Kock, Poland Photo of Mendel Meir Morgenstern the Kotzker Rebbe of Bnei Brak Kotzk (Yiddish: קאצק) is a Hasidic dynasty originating from the city of Kock, Poland, where it was founded by Menachem Mendel Morgenstern (1787–1859). Kotzk is a branch of Peshischa Hasidism, as Menachem Mendel Morgenstern was the leading disciple of Simcha Bunim of Peshischa (1765–1827). Following Simcha Bunim's death he led the divided Peschischa community, which he eventually incorporated into his own Hasidic dynasty. Kotzk follows a Hasidic philopshy known for its critical and rationalistic approach to Hasidism and its intense approach to personal improvement which is based on a process of harsh constructive criticism and total transparency of self. Kotzk is closely connected to other branches of Peshischa Hasidism such as Ger and Aleksander and is currently based out of Jerusalem, Israel. History Nearing the end of his life Menachem Mendel Morgenstern lived in total seclusion from his followers. After his death, he had already amassed a large following. His eldest son, Dovid Morgenstern (1809–1893) succeeded him as the Kotzker rebbe, despite minor criticism from his followers who wanted Yitzchak Meir Alter (1799–1866) to succeed him as Kotzker rebbe. It was around this time that Avrohom Bornsztain (1838–1910), a leading disicple of Menachem Mendel Morgenstern founded the Sochatchov Hasidic dynasty based in Sochaczew. This alongside the rejected leadership of Yitzchak Meir Alter led to several minor splits amongst the community. Before the Holocaust, Kotzk was of the largest Hasidic groups which number in the tens of thousands. The last Kotzker rebbe before the Holocaust, was Yitzchak Zelig Morgenstern (1866–1939), the fourth Kotzker rebbe who served as a member of the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah. During the Holocaust a huge percentage of the community was murdered, and following the atrocities of the Holocaust, the remaining Hasidim of Kotzk immigrated to Chicago alongside the sixth and last Kotzker rebbe, David Solomon Morgenstern (1904–1962)."In Maydanek and Auschwitz, too, their faces were glowing" (in Hebrew), Beit Ya'akov, No. 47, Nisan, 1963, page 9, on the HebrewBooks site. After his death, the community split into several fractions, the largest of which was led by Mendel Meir Morgenstern (1921–2013) who was a grandson of Yitzchak Zelig Morgenstern and the founder of the Israeli branch of Kotzk based out of Bnei Brak. Succession of Kotzk * Menachem Mendel Morgenstern (1787–1859), First Kotzker Rebbe. ** Dovid Morgenstern (1809–1893), Second Kotzker Rebbe. *** Chaim Yisrael Morgenstern (1840–1905), Third Kotzker Rebbe. **** Yitzchak Zelig Morgenstern (1866–1940), Fourth Kotzker Rebbe. ***** Jacob Mendel Morgenstern (1887–1939), Fifth Kotzker Rebbe. ****** David Solomon Morgenstern (1904–1962), Sixth Kotzker Rebbe. ***** Moshe Dovid Morgenstern (1892–1937). ****** Mendel Meir Morgenstern (1921–2013), Kotzker Rebbe of Bnei Brak. ******* Dovid Morgenstern ******* Yitzchak Zelig Morgenstern References Category:Hasidic dynasties of Poland Category:Orthodox Judaism in Poland "