Appearance
🎉 your wikipedia🥳
"Wisangocaris is a genus of chelicerate known from the Emu Bay Shale. References Category:Prehistoric chelicerate genera Category:Fossil taxa described in 2016 "
"Sturgeon v. Frost refers to two cases heard by the Supreme Court of the United States, both dealing with the regulatory authority of the National Park Service over lands in Alaska under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA).Codified at . In the first case, Sturgeon v. Frost I, 577 U.S. ___ (2016), the Court ruled that the Park Service may only regulate "public" lands in Alaska, remanding the case back to the Ninth Circuit Appeals Court to decide whether the river in question (being "submerged land") is "public" or "non-public" land., slip op. at 12–15 (2016). In Sturgeon v. Frost II, 587 U.S. ___ (2019), the Court unanimously ruled that ANILCA defines navigable waters in Alaska as "non-public" lands and that these are exempt from the National Park Service's national regulations.. Background In establishing Alaska as a state, the United States government recognized the need to protect much of the land in the state but without superseding the state's own control of these lands. The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, passed in 1980, was designed to balance the federal and state interest in conservation. Effectively, the law designed a number of Conservation System Units (CSU)s that were designed as public land, and gave the National Park Service (NPS) the authority to manage the resources within the public lands within a CSU, and could not regulate non-public lands (including those owned by the state, tribes, and private parties). Such resources were read to include water resources within a public CSU. This was atop a law signed by President Jimmy Carter in 1976 that gave the Department of the Interior and through the NPS the authority to regulate conduct of navigable waters within federally designated national parks. The case arose in 2007 when Alaskan hunter John Sturgeon was informed by the National Park Service that he could not pilot his hovercraft along the portion of the Nation River that fell within the Yukon–Charley Rivers National Preserve, one of the CSUs covered by ANILCA.Sturgeon, slip op. at 1–6. While Alaska state law allows for the use of hovercraft in navigable waters, the NPS had banned their use nationwide in public lands. Sturgeon filed a lawsuit in which he argued that section 103(c) of the ANILCA restricted the National Park Service's jurisdiction over portions of the river that were owned by the State of Alaska.Sturgeon, slip op. at 1–2, 6–7. Sturgeon was backed by the state of Alaska, since the ruling affected how the state could enforce ANILCA. The United States District Court for the District of Alaska ruled in favor of the Park Service, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed. The Ninth Circuit held that National Park Service regulations "applies to all federal-owned lands and waters administered by [the Park Service] nationwide, as well as all navigable waters lying within national parks", and thus the NPS could regulate activities along the whole of the navigable portion of the Nation River even if it fell outside the CSU.Sturgeon, slip op. at 11–12. Sturgeon v. Frost I =Opinion of Court= In a unanimous opinion written by Chief Justice John Roberts, the Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit's ruling.Sturgeon, slip op. at 12–16. Chief Justice Roberts characterized the Ninth Circuit's ruling as "a topsy- turvy approach" because the Ninth Circuit's interpretation of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act was "ultimately inconsistent with both the text and context of the statute as a whole."Sturgeon, slip op. at 12–14. Rejecting the Ninth Circuit's conclusions, Chief Justice Roberts held that the Act directs the Park Service to regulate "non-public" lands in Alaska according to "Alaska-specific provisions".Sturgeon, slip op. at 14. Additionally, the Chief Justice wrote that "Section 103(c) draws a distinction between 'public' and 'non-public' lands within the boundaries of conservation system units in Alaska."Sturgeon, slip op. at 14–15. However, the Supreme Court did not rule on whether the Nation River constituted a "public land" for the purposes of the Act or whether the authority of the Park Service's regulations extend to "non-public" lands.Sturgeon, slip op. at 15–16. To conduct further fact finding with respect to these issues, the Supreme Court vacated the Ninth Circuit's ruling and remanded the case for further proceedings.Sturgeon, slip op. at 16. =Commentary and analysis= In his analysis of the case for SCOTUSblog, Todd Henderson suggested that the Court avoided several key questions because "the stakes in this case are potentially huge" and the Court wanted to "leave for another day the tough questions about federal power over lands in Alaska and perhaps elsewhere throughout the West."Todd Henderson, Opinion analysis: A rebuke of the Ninth Circuit, and nothing more, (Mar. 23, 2016). Sturgeon v. Frost II The Supreme Court remanded the case back to the Ninth Circuit for further review. In the second hearing, the Circuit Court determined that with the Nation River running through a federal reservation, the federal government had inherent water rights on the river, thus allowing the National Park Circuit's hovercraft ban to apply. A second petition for writ was filed with the Supreme Court, arguing that this interpretation would mean that the federal government would have water rights on nearly any surface water running through federally-protected lands. The case was heard on November 5, 2018, and the Court issued its unanimous decision on March 26, 2019. The Court reversed the Circuit Court's ruling, arguing that waterways were non-public lands, and that ANILCA stripped away any jurisdiction that the National Park Service had over these. See also * List of United States Supreme Court cases * Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume * List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court References External links * * Category:United States Supreme Court cases Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court Category:2016 in United States case law Category:2019 in United States case law Category:Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve Category:Hovercraft Category:United States public land law "
"R622 road may refer to: * R622 road (Ireland) * R622 road (South Africa) "