Appearance
🎉 your wikipedia🥳
"Kuosmanen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Mirjami Kuosmanen (1915 – 1963), Finnish actress * Antti Kuosmanen (born 1950), Finland's ambassador to the People's Republic of China * Sakari Kuosmanen (born 1956), Finnish singer and actor * Juho Kuosmanen (born 1979), Finnish film director and screenwriter Category:Finnish-language surnames "
"Frank Erskine Bell OBE (18 September 1916 – 14 July 1989) was a British educator. Whilst a prisoner of war (POW) in Borneo during World War II he organised a "secret university" to provide educational opportunities for his fellow prisoners. He founded the first Bell Language School in Cambridge, England in 1955 and later established the Bell Educational Trust, a charity involved in language education. Early life Bell was educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College and then at Peterhouse, Cambridge, from where he graduated in 1938 with a first in French and Spanish. He joined the British Army in 1940, was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1941, and was posted to the 48th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment which left England on 3 December 1941, destined for North Africa. It never arrived. On 7 December the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, and the British force, of which the Regiment was a part, was diverted to the Far East (see Pacific War). It arrived in Batavia, Java on 4 February 1942. Singapore fell to the Japanese 11 days later, and the Japanese landed on Java at about the same time. When the Dutch forces capitulated to them on 8 March the few British troops on the island, whose role was mainly airfield defence, became POWs. Bell was interned in five different camps before arriving at Batu Lintang camp at Kuching in Sarawak on the island of Borneo in September 1943.The other camps were, in order of his incarceration: Koan School, Batavia; Glodok Gaol, Batavia; Changi Barracks, Singapore; Jesselton Gaol, North Borneo and Sandakan camp, North Borneo (Bell 11–25) At first the British officers and other ranks were all in the same sub- camp, but after a while the officers were separated out. As he was a 2nd Lieutenant, Bell was housed in the officers' compound. Bell was known by the nicknames "Tink" and "Tinker" (a reference to the character Tinkerbell in Peter Pan). =The "Kuching University"= Bell was largely responsible for conceiving and organising what became known by the prisoners as the "Kuching University" in the British officers' camp. Under Japanese regulations, prisoners were forbidden to teach, to learn, to compile or possess notes on any subject whatever, or to meet in groups for discussion. The penalty for disobedience was imprisonment or death. Despite this, the university, led by Bell, established classes in seven modern languages (Dutch, French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish and Urdu), as well as subjects as diverse as history, public speaking, navigation, pig-farming, civics, chess and poultry keeping. Bell and his fellow educators compiled text books, led classes and awarded diplomas. Classes were often held in the evenings when dusk or darkness gave some protection against surprise by their captors. Paper for writing exercises and for compiling textbooks was always at a premium: books were fashioned out of paper from soap wrappers, newspaper, the backs of letters and envelopes, and cigarette paper. These were bound into books and often covered with sarong material. This experience was formative in strengthening Bell's interest in language and adult education. In 1946, Bell wrote an account of his time in the camp which was published some 44 years later. It included a passage, written in Cambridge University Library reading room in 1946, which could be said to sum up Bell's vision: Post-war career After the war, as Assistant Secretary of the University of Cambridge Board of Extra-Mural Studies, Bell was actively engaged in the organisation of extension classes and lectures, courses for German ex-POWs, and University vacation courses for students from overseas. In 1948, he became Secretary of the University's committee for re-establishing links with German universities. In 1955, Bell founded in Cambridge the first Bell School of Languages for the teaching of English to foreign students. Further Bell Schools were opened in Norwich (1967 and 1975), Bath (1968) and Saffron Walden (1977). In 1968, he acquired Concord College, where overseas students were prepared for university. In 1972, he converted both these enterprises into Educational Trusts. As of 2012, The Bell Educational Trust (an educational charity) now comprises a business called Bell Educational Services Ltd. and a charitable wing operating under the name the Bell Foundation. Bell was Chairman of the Educational Interchange Council from 1951 to 1979 and was awarded the OBE in 1975. In 1986, he was elected Honorary President of ARELS-FELCO (the association of recognised English Language teaching establishments in Britain). He was Chairman of the Bell Educational Trust from 1988. Bell had a twin brother, Douglas. Frank Bell was married to Elisabeth (daughter of Sir Henry Willink) and they had a son, Nick and a daughter, Tass. He lived in Cambridge for most of his life. With his wife, Elisabeth, he re-visited Kuching in 1984, and was delighted to find the Batu Lintang Teachers' College flourishing on the site of the former POW camp in which he had established the "Kuching University". After his death in 1989, Elisabeth brought Bell's 1946 account and diary entries from his time at Batu Lintang to publication. See also *Far East Prisoners of War Notes Sources *Bell, Frank (1991) Undercover University (revised edition) Cambridge: Elisabeth Bell. (Originally published in 1990, same ISBN) *Mackie, Jack (2007) Captain Jack, Surveyor and Engineer: The autobiography of John Mackie Wellington: New Zealand Institute of Surveyors. *Ooi, Keat Gin (1998) Japanese Empire in the Tropics: Selected Documents and Reports of the Japanese Period in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo, 1941–1945 Ohio University Center for International Studies, Monographs in International Studies, SE Asia Series 101 (2 vols) External links *Small biographical note. The photograph was taken on 21 September 1945, ten days after Bell's liberation from Batu Lintang *Bell English *Concord College Category:20th-century English educators Category:Linguists from the United Kingdom Category:Founders of educational institutions Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College Category:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge Category:Royal Artillery officers Category:British Army personnel of World War II Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan Category:POWs at Batu Lintang camp Category:Raj of Sarawak Category:1916 births Category:1989 deaths Category:20th-century linguists "
"Line 9 or 9 Line may refer to: Asia =China= *Line 9 (Beijing Subway), a subway line in Beijing *Line 9 (Guangzhou Metro), a metro line in Guangzhou, Guangdong *Line 9 (Shanghai Metro), a metro line in Shanghai *Line 9 (Shenzhen Metro), a metro line in Shenzhen, Guangdong *Line 9 (Tianjin Metro), a metro line in Tianjin *Line 9 (Chongqing Rail Transit),a metro line in Chongqing =Malaysia= * Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line, called Line 9 at route map =Philippines= *Metro Manila Subway Line 9, Metro Manila, Philippines =South Korea= *Seoul Subway Line 9, a subway line in Seoul Europe =France= *Paris Métro Line 9, one of 16 metro lines in Paris, France =Italy= *Line 9 (Naples Metro), rapid transit railway line that forms part of the Metropolitana di Napoli =Spain= *Barcelona Metro line 9, one of the two branches of the Barcelona metro extension line 9/10 *Line 9 (Madrid Metro) =Russia= *Line 9 (Moscow Metro), a metro line of the Moscow Metro, Moscow, Russia North America =United States= *9 (New York City Subway service) *Route 9 (Baltimore), a bus route *9 (Los Angeles Railway) =Mexico= *Mexico City Metro Line 9, a rapid transit line in Mexico City South America =Chile= *Santiago Metro Line 9, a line that is in planning. =Brazil= *Line 9 (CPTM) "